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Hoffa on self driving trucks
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<blockquote data-quote="cheryl" data-source="post: 2402211" data-attributes="member: 1"><p>Actually you should be thanking me for protecting you from being sued by Z for defamation of character since he's not a well know public figure. Hoffa is legally a public figure. Z is not.</p><p></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_figure" target="_blank">Public figure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a></p><p></p><p><em>In United States law, <strong>public figure</strong> is a term applied in the context of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation" target="_blank">defamation</a> actions (libel and slander) as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_privacy" target="_blank">invasion of privacy</a>. A public figure (such as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician" target="_blank">politician</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity" target="_blank">celebrity</a>, or business leader) cannot base a lawsuit on incorrect harmful statements unless there is proof that the writer or publisher acted with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actual_malice" target="_blank">actual malice</a> (knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard for the truth).<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_figure#cite_note-1" target="_blank">[1]</a> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof" target="_blank">burden of proof</a> in defamation actions is higher in the case of a public figure.</em></p><p><em></em></p><p><em></em></p><p><em>The controlling <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent" target="_blank">precedent</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" target="_blank">United States</a> was set in 1964 by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" target="_blank">United States Supreme Court</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" target="_blank">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a>. It is considered a key decision in supporting the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" target="_blank">First Amendment</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" target="_blank">freedom of the press</a>.</em></p><p><em></em></p><p><em></em></p><p><em>A fairly high threshold of public activity is necessary to elevate people to public figure status. Typically, they must either be:</em></p><p><em></em></p><p><em></em></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><em>a <strong>public figure</strong>, either a public official or any other person pervasively involved in public affairs, or</em></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><em>a <strong>limited purpose public figure</strong>, meaning those who have "thrust themselves to the forefront of particular public controversies in order to influence the resolution of the issues involved." A "particularized determination" is required to decide whether a person is a limited purpose public figure, which can be variously interpreted:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_figure#cite_note-larson-2" target="_blank">[2]</a></em></li> </ul><p><em> </em></p><p><em>A person can become an "involuntary public figure" as the result of publicity, even though that person did not want or invite the public attention. For example, people accused of high profile crimes may be unable to pursue actions for defamation even after their innocence is established...</em></p><p><em></em></p><p><em></em></p><p><em>A person can also become a "limited public figure" by engaging in actions which generate publicity within a narrow area of interest. For example, [jokes about]... <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Rakolta" target="_blank">Terry Rakolta</a> [an activist who spearheaded a boycott of the show <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married_With_Children" target="_blank">Married With Children</a>] were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_comment" target="_blank">fair comments</a>... within the confines of her public conduct [and] protected by Ms. Rakolta's status as a "limited public figure".</em></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="cheryl, post: 2402211, member: 1"] Actually you should be thanking me for protecting you from being sued by Z for defamation of character since he's not a well know public figure. Hoffa is legally a public figure. Z is not. [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_figure']Public figure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/URL] [I]In United States law, [B]public figure[/B] is a term applied in the context of [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation']defamation[/URL] actions (libel and slander) as well as [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_privacy']invasion of privacy[/URL]. A public figure (such as a [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician']politician[/URL], [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity']celebrity[/URL], or business leader) cannot base a lawsuit on incorrect harmful statements unless there is proof that the writer or publisher acted with [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actual_malice']actual malice[/URL] (knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard for the truth).[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_figure#cite_note-1'][1][/URL] The [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof']burden of proof[/URL] in defamation actions is higher in the case of a public figure. The controlling [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent']precedent[/URL] in the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States']United States[/URL] was set in 1964 by the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court']United States Supreme Court[/URL] in [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan']New York Times Co. v. Sullivan[/URL]. It is considered a key decision in supporting the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution']First Amendment[/URL] and [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press']freedom of the press[/URL]. A fairly high threshold of public activity is necessary to elevate people to public figure status. Typically, they must either be: [/I] [LIST] [*][I]a [B]public figure[/B], either a public official or any other person pervasively involved in public affairs, or[/I] [*][I]a [B]limited purpose public figure[/B], meaning those who have "thrust themselves to the forefront of particular public controversies in order to influence the resolution of the issues involved." A "particularized determination" is required to decide whether a person is a limited purpose public figure, which can be variously interpreted:[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_figure#cite_note-larson-2'][2][/URL][/I] [/LIST] [I] A person can become an "involuntary public figure" as the result of publicity, even though that person did not want or invite the public attention. For example, people accused of high profile crimes may be unable to pursue actions for defamation even after their innocence is established... A person can also become a "limited public figure" by engaging in actions which generate publicity within a narrow area of interest. For example, [jokes about]... [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Rakolta']Terry Rakolta[/URL] [an activist who spearheaded a boycott of the show [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married_With_Children']Married With Children[/URL]] were [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_comment']fair comments[/URL]... within the confines of her public conduct [and] protected by Ms. Rakolta's status as a "limited public figure".[/I] [/QUOTE]
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