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<blockquote data-quote="Lead Belly" data-source="post: 2108040" data-attributes="member: 56656"><p>Two main classification schemes exist for halitosis, although none is universally accepted.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Fedorowicz_2008-3" target="_blank">[3]</a></p><p></p><p>The Miyazaki <em>et al.</em> classification was originally described in 1999 in a Japanese scientific publication,<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Miyazaki_1999-4" target="_blank">[4]</a> and has since been adapted to reflect North American society, especially with regards halitophobia.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Yaegaki_2000-5" target="_blank">[5]</a> The classification assumes three primary divisions of the halitosis symptom, namely genuine halitosis, pseudohalitosis and halitophobia. This classification has been suggested to be most widely used,<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Fedorowicz_2008-3" target="_blank">[3]</a> but it has been criticized because it is overly simplistic and is largely of use only to dentists rather than other specialties.</p><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Genuine halitosis<ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">A. Physiologic halitosis</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">B. Pathologic halitosis<ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><em>(i) Oral</em></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><em>(ii) Extra-oral</em></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Pseudohalitosis</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Halitophobia</li> </ul><p>The Tangerman and Winkel classification was suggested in Europe in 2002.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Tangerman_2002-6" target="_blank">[6]</a><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Tangerman_2010-7" target="_blank">[7]</a> This classification focuses only on those cases where there is genuine halitosis, and has therefore been criticized for being less clinically useful for dentistry when compared to the Miyazaki <em>et al.</em> classification.</p><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Intra-oral halitosis</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Extra-oral halitosis<ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">A. Blood borne halitosis<ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><em>(i) Systemic diseases</em></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><em>(ii) Metabolic diseases</em></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><em>(iii) Food</em></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><em>(iv) Medication</em></li> </ul></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">B. Non-blood borne halitosis<ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><em>(i) Upper respiratory tract</em></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><em>(ii) Lower respiratory tract</em></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul><p>The same authors also suggested that halitosis can be divided according to the character of the odor into 3 groups:<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Tangerman_2010-7" target="_blank">[7]</a></p><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">"Sulfurous or fecal" caused by <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volatile_sulfur_compound&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">volatile sulfur compounds</a> (VSC), most notably <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_mercaptan" target="_blank">methyl mercaptan</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" target="_blank">hydrogen sulfide</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide" target="_blank">dimethyl sulfide</a>.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">"Fruity" caused by <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone" target="_blank">acetone</a>, present in diabetes.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">"Urine-like or ammoniacal" caused by <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" target="_blank">ammonia</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_amine" target="_blank">dimethyl amine</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylamine" target="_blank">trimethylamine</a>(TMA), present in <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylaminuria" target="_blank">trimethylaminuria</a> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uremia" target="_blank">uremia</a>.</li> </ul><p>Based on the strengths and weaknesses of previous attempts at classification of halitosis, an etiologic classification has now been proposed:<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Aydin2014-8" target="_blank">[8]</a></p><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Type 0 (physiologic)</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Type 1 (oral)</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Type 2 (airway)</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Type 3 (gastroesophageal)</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Type 4 (blood-borne)</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Type 5 (subjective)</li> </ul><p>Any halitosis symptom is potentially the sum of these types in any combination, superimposed on the physiologic odor present in all healthy individuals.<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Aydin2014-8" target="_blank">[8]</a></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Lead Belly, post: 2108040, member: 56656"] Two main classification schemes exist for halitosis, although none is universally accepted.[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Fedorowicz_2008-3'][3][/URL] The Miyazaki [I]et al.[/I] classification was originally described in 1999 in a Japanese scientific publication,[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Miyazaki_1999-4'][4][/URL] and has since been adapted to reflect North American society, especially with regards halitophobia.[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Yaegaki_2000-5'][5][/URL] The classification assumes three primary divisions of the halitosis symptom, namely genuine halitosis, pseudohalitosis and halitophobia. This classification has been suggested to be most widely used,[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Fedorowicz_2008-3'][3][/URL] but it has been criticized because it is overly simplistic and is largely of use only to dentists rather than other specialties. [LIST] [*]Genuine halitosis [LIST] [*]A. Physiologic halitosis [*]B. Pathologic halitosis [LIST] [*][I](i) Oral[/I] [*][I](ii) Extra-oral[/I] [/LIST] [/LIST] [*]Pseudohalitosis [*]Halitophobia [/LIST] The Tangerman and Winkel classification was suggested in Europe in 2002.[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Tangerman_2002-6'][6][/URL][URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Tangerman_2010-7'][7][/URL] This classification focuses only on those cases where there is genuine halitosis, and has therefore been criticized for being less clinically useful for dentistry when compared to the Miyazaki [I]et al.[/I] classification. [LIST] [*]Intra-oral halitosis [*]Extra-oral halitosis [LIST] [*]A. Blood borne halitosis [LIST] [*][I](i) Systemic diseases[/I] [*][I](ii) Metabolic diseases[/I] [*][I](iii) Food[/I] [*][I](iv) Medication[/I] [/LIST] [*]B. Non-blood borne halitosis [LIST] [*][I](i) Upper respiratory tract[/I] [*][I](ii) Lower respiratory tract[/I] [/LIST] [/LIST] [/LIST] The same authors also suggested that halitosis can be divided according to the character of the odor into 3 groups:[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Tangerman_2010-7'][7][/URL] [LIST] [*]"Sulfurous or fecal" caused by [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volatile_sulfur_compound&action=edit&redlink=1']volatile sulfur compounds[/URL] (VSC), most notably [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_mercaptan']methyl mercaptan[/URL], [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide']hydrogen sulfide[/URL] and [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide']dimethyl sulfide[/URL]. [*]"Fruity" caused by [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone']acetone[/URL], present in diabetes. [*]"Urine-like or ammoniacal" caused by [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia']ammonia[/URL], [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_amine']dimethyl amine[/URL] and [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylamine']trimethylamine[/URL](TMA), present in [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylaminuria']trimethylaminuria[/URL] and [URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uremia']uremia[/URL]. [/LIST] Based on the strengths and weaknesses of previous attempts at classification of halitosis, an etiologic classification has now been proposed:[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Aydin2014-8'][8][/URL] [LIST] [*]Type 0 (physiologic) [*]Type 1 (oral) [*]Type 2 (airway) [*]Type 3 (gastroesophageal) [*]Type 4 (blood-borne) [*]Type 5 (subjective) [/LIST] Any halitosis symptom is potentially the sum of these types in any combination, superimposed on the physiologic odor present in all healthy individuals.[URL='https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halitosis#cite_note-Aydin2014-8'][8][/URL] [/QUOTE]
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